The grand daddy of all podcasts is still my fave - This American Life. Been listening to that for over a decade and there's nothing like it out there.
The Ezra Klein Show - he not only interviews fascinating people but gets really deep and pushes people really hard, sometimes, on what they are saying - not just letting them get away with making their fave talking points without being questioned on them. It's often politics, but he also covers lots of cultural and some science topics.
Lots of other good ones mentioned here. The only one I didn't see mentioned (also sort of a grand daddy of podcasting) is Dan Savage's Savage Lovecast. I have learned so much about fetishes and kinks and all kinds of interesting stuff listening to Dan for the last6 years or so. It's certainly one way I get out of my personal bubble and take in other, different POVs!
Ok - just one more: Criminal. It's true crime, but bite-sized and easy. You can listen to just one episode if you like, as it's not serialized, and they are usually like 25-30 minutes long.