I don't have time to do an in-depth post on this, but for a U.S. wage earner (not a business owner):
Gross income
(federal income tax)
(federal payroll tax [social security & medicare])
(state and local income tax [if applicable])
Net income
Various goods are subject to excise tax which are embedded in the price of those goods (e.g., gasoline, alcohol). Also, most Americans pay state and local (i.e., sub-national) sales taxes (like a VAT) and real property taxes. Public schooling K-12 is basically free (but funded heavily by local property taxes).
Health insurance is "private," and so not really considered a tax, though it is a substantial expense for a lot people. Unemployment taxes are paid by employers, not employees (at least directly—query the true tax incidence). And disability is baked into the Social Security system. Many people get supplemental disability and long-term care insurance through the private market.
Few Americans count their state-provided old age pension ("Social Security") in their private savings rate. Whether they should or not is a legitimate question. I think most Americans do not out of an abundance of caution (you'd rather have too much than too little). Also, the government can, and already has, eroded the value of SS benefits (the retirement age has already been pushed back twice). In the U.S., both SS and Medicare are vastly underfunded. Most people believe that currently living young people will still get SS, but many believe the benefits will be reduced relative to today (whether this is done directly or done indirectly by inflation that is not accounted for in the SS formula).
