If someone claimed they bought the shares when you bought the shares, for the astronomically inflated price listed here, it wouldn’t pass even a basic sniff test, would it? Half of Reddit, intellectual cream of society that they are, would know immediately it was bullshit. Even you said so, twice:
so I recently used Webull's 3% taxable acct transfer promo to send my individual holdings in Vanguard to combine with those in my Webull, it took another week for them to receive and update cost basis on the transferred shares/lots, and while I haven't checked every set there's one glaring mistake
I still had some AMC shares from playing around with the meme swings in 21, I had never put in more than like 2K and got rid of most of it, but Webull is showing my total cost for 46 shares as $18,691 for a loss of (-18,494) which is obviously incorrect as I never put near that much in, seems like they may have mixed up some pre-split pricing
so question do I have any obligation to make sure this gets corrected, or if I just sell the shares and Webull actually reports is as that much capital loss which benefits my taxes is that totally on them?

Not only would that be fraud, it would be
obvious, glaring fraud because there’s no way you didn’t know better just based on the timing of the purchase. Play stupid games, win stupid prizes.
I’m used to telling people not to be too afraid of the IRS since they’re actually pretty nice about helping rectify honest mistakes, but people who commit egregious fraud & then blame it on the fault of someone else? don’t have that nice friendly experience.
so you're liable for any mistakes the institution makes that you don't catch?
I mean who's actually tracking and verifying cost basis on every holding they own, to me "to the best of my knowledge" is what my institution reports
Even if
your CPA makes a mistake, you’re the one who signs the tax return & who is held liable for errors, omissions or false statements therein, & pretending otherwise would be the definition of criminally stupid. Don’t be stupid or a criminal. This is big boy pants stuff in which the responsibility (ethically &, yes, legally) falls squarely on you. Get in touch with your previous broker for the records for your own protection, & then alert WeBull to get it updated so there’s not a conflict.
Based on your question about who actually tracks their cost basis, I might also suggest you download your old statements while you still can. Brokerages aren’t legally obligated to keep them as long as you are.