The dividend for the S&P 500 is very low in comparison to what it has been in at other times:
S&P Historical Dividend (Real Dollars). Using January Data.
1950: 6.8%
1960: 3.2%
1970: 3.5%
1980: 5.1%
1990: 3.8%
2000: 1.17%
2016: 1.9-ish%
Source: http://www.econ.yale.edu/~shiller/data.htm
The popular thing to do for the past decade or so has been to return money to shareholders via share buyback programs. This increases earnings per share, which is one of the more popular ways to gauge compensation for CEOs. If you're a CEO with a lump of cash to return to shareholders and your options are a) pay them with cash dividends or b) decrease the outstanding share count, thus gaming EPS, thus raising your bonus in the following quarter, which would you do?
Very insightful comment. So, in your opinion, do you see dividends remaining low? What caused this shift? Surely CEOs had cash to return in the 50s through 80s.
Prior to 1982 it was difficult for companies to buy back their own shares because SEC rules prohibited it (they were considered a form of fraudulent market manipulation). So, prior to 1982 the
only way to return money to shareholders was via dividends. After 1982 companies could make share repurchases under certain circumstances in rule 10b-18, and in 2003 the SEC adopted modifications to the rules that sort of blew the doors open.
The other thing to keep in mind is that two of the top 10 components of the S&P 500 pay no dividends right now because they consider themselves "growth" companies. I.e. Facebook and Alphabet have lots of opportunities for reinvestment and thus have little cash available to return, whereas Johnson and Johnson, AT&T, and PG all have healthy, stable profit margins and fewer opportunities for growth, so they pay dividends and have big share repurchase programs. The other company in the top 10 that doesn't pay any dividends is Berkshire Hathaway, and Buffett and Munger have explained many times why they don't.
Edit to answer your question: with regards to the S&P 500, I have no idea. It depends a lot on what happens to Alphabet and Facebook. Assuming they don't go bust, at some point they'll run out of opportunities and be forced to return money to shareholders in some fashion.
There will always be companies that pay dividends. For example, the oil majors pay big dividends, partly to compensate shareholders for massive, multi-decade fluctuations in share prices. Large stable non-cyclical consumer products companies like PG, General Mills, and Pepsi all pay reasonable dividends and are in no danger of evaporating. Hershey is also interesting, because it essentially exists to fund the Hershey School via dividends on the class B shares. 10% of the company is owned by the trusts that fund the Hershey School via these class B shares which have 10 votes each and give the trusts voting control. In addition,
each B share gets a 10% dividend premium on top of the common share dividends each common share gets 10% more dividends on top of what the class B shares get.