I was born for this topic. Any particular type of cuisine? Some quick thoughts:
Burgers: Citizen Burger Bar
Mexican/Tex-Mex: Continental Divide, La Michoacana. I have never understood the Guadalajara love.
Farm-to-table specific: The Local, although it's not quite as good as the other places on this list.
Patisserie: MarieBette
Dumplings (super cheap): I've always been partial to Marco and Luca
Breakfast sandwiches: Bodo's, Ace Biscuit and BBQ
French for lunch: Petit Pois
Crepes! The Flat
Assuming you'll have a car, I really have to recommend Duners (it's maybe 15 minutes outside of Cville). Might be $50/person for dinner (that's like drink + app + dinner + tip), but it does simple sounding dishes very well. I still dream about their mussels. Fleurie is also sorta pricey but incredibly good, and I've heard great things about Parallel 38.
Charlottesville is a fantastic food town, so I could probably give twenty more recommendations if you'd like. This is also making me really hungry, since I haven't lived in Cville in a while.