The non union apprenticeship programs do lead to the same licenses. The key is making sure the program is registered with the US Department of Labor. I have worked with several folks who started in the trade as an "apprentice" outside of a registered program. There was very little training, no classroom instruction, and they were treated as low paid labor. Once they went to work for a company that would sponsor them into a registered apprenticeship, their training greatly improved.
In the union, tools are a negotiated part of the contract. We supply hand tools, and only what is listed in the contract. The contractor supplies all other hand tools, power tools, ladders, conduit benders, etc. The difference I've noticed here is non union shops often require their guys to supply battery drills, saws, etc.
Our contract is silent on clothing, but most contractors have started providing work shirts. All will provide anything safety related. Basically the same on the non union side.
Our contract has no provision for travel reimbursement. It will be something that is will be up to each individual contractor and will depend on the job. I have heard of guys negotiating their own reimbursement deals, but it's very rare, or kept very quiet. Again, not much different for non union shops.
Union contracts will vary depending on the local. Many are better than I have. Some are worse.
There are other differences between union and non union apprenticeships or contractors, but this thread isn't the place for that discussion.