Where I work (megacorp), engineers typically start around $65-70k. I'm projecting based on the fact that I used to be in a hiring manager role and I know we brought in college grads at almost exactly $60k 5 years ago. Top performers can often get 5-8% raises until hitting about 100k. Mediocre/low performers will typically be closer to 2-3%. Promotions generally come with a 10% raise and promotions are more frequent early in one's career than later. Where I work it's typical to stay in an Engineer 1 role for 2-4 years, Engineer 2 takes 4-6, and Engineer 3 can be 5-forever.
In my experience moving to management didn't increase my salary as much as I've heard. When I moved from technical leadership into management my salary growth stalled even though my performance appraisals were consistently in the top 10%. When I moved back to a purely technical role I was able to negotiate a significant bump (~$25k/year) and my annual raises have been significantly higher in both percentage and absolute terms since moving into a senior technical role.
Again, in my experience one's title doesn't track as well with salary as years of experience, ability to negotiate, and performance do. Experience and performance lead to promotions, but promotions can be along a purely technical track, a technical leadership track, or a management track. When I was a manager all of my technical leads had more experience and typically had more advanced degrees than I did, and were more highly compensated. My senior technical staff on a 40 person project made about $130k-150k. They were doing engineering work as well as acting as technical leads. I estimate that the most senior technical staff in my company make over $200k, but they probably make up less than 5% of the population and are highly likely to have advanced degrees and decades of experience. I also know people who have advanced technical degrees and decades of experience but are stuck at Engineer 3 and are making around $100k. Mediocre engineers who have 15-35 years of experience and are sitting on the payroll at $95-115k are everywhere.
Where I work, the best way to increase your salary is to be a standout technical performer. Early in your career that will be enough for consistent 5+% raises and occasional 10+% raises due to a promotion. I've seen a lot of people stall out about $100-120k around 10 years in even if they keep performing. At that point it comes down to one's ability and willingness to negotiate, job hopping, taking a role with significantly more responsibility, or luck of the draw in getting a spectacular manager who can work the system. I think the (in my experience) myth that people need to go into management to get more money comes from the fact that those roles often come with significantly increased visibility and responsibility, so top performers are tapped for the positions and they're compensated for the crap that goes with the role. Top performers who say no to that but are able to negotiate, job hop, or take technical leadership positions can make the same money but by definition there just aren't many people who stand that far apart for their technical contributions.