Hello,
I work for a company that specializes in occupational safety and health for building materials. Most mold in small amounts will not be harmful to humans. It affects people differently, like an allergic reaction. There's one type of mold, Stachybotrys, that produces myotoxins. However, that mold is uncommon and usually isn't found in bathrooms. If you think there is an illness in your home related to mold, see a doctor immediately. Mold sampling is very expensive, so as long as it's not causing health effects, it probably isn't necessary to test.
That said, it should still be removed. Mold cannot grow without water and a food source (wood, sheetrock, etc). You must stop the cause of the mold to stop the mold from growing. There could be a leaking pipe or crack somewhere. You need to do some investigating. Talk to the previous homeowners about that room and if plumbing maintenance occurred. Try to find any maintenance records. You can also conduct a more thorough physical investigation about the area (tearing up more wallpaper and seeing if there are any water damage paths). Unfortunately, if there are water problems that you cannot find or fix yourself, you will need to hire a plumber to take a look and make fixes. Hopefully there isn't anything too major going on. If it's just that one room and that little area, it doesn't sound like there's a lot of water damage going on.
For cleaning, the general rule is that if the material is porous (absorbs water), then it needs to be thrown out. Nonporous materials can be cleaned with 1 part bleach 9 parts water. Never mix bleach with ammonia. It is best to use a respirator (not a dust mask) and rubber gloves when handling the moldy material.
Identify the water source --> Repair the source --> Do any cleaning/replacing