If I were your supervisor and you mentioned to me anything that sounded like a complaint about how it wasn't fair that an employeed hired a few weeks earlier got a raise and bonuse, and you didn't, I'd think it sounded juvenile and I'd probably lose a smidge of respect for you.
If you think you are worth more to the company, make that argument when discussing the raise %. It's probably not unreasonable to mention that you didn't get a 2018 raise because you missed the deadline, but that should be a side point, and you shouldn't mention that other people got it and you didn't
Also, the fact that you seem to want a raise based on the "principle of the matter", not because you think your work is objectively worth more, is concerning. If your coworkers are overpaid (by only about $1000!) that's not a solid reason for your employer to overpay you, too. If you are killing it and can come up with ways to demonstrate that (glowing reviews even if that's just an email from your boss complimenting you on how quickly you caught on or telling you that they got a great customer report about you, or exceeding whatever metrics apply to your work), those are the things that are more likely to move move the needle. Far more likely than, "Bob got a raise and I didn't". So look for those things and mentally bring them to your meeting.
You also need to decide how much you want to push for this. You can very easily make yourself a petulant problem child with a conversation like this, if done badly. And that hurts future chances for raises and promotions. That doesn't mean you shouldn't ask for a raise, but it does mean you need to be careful and thoughtful with you how discuss it, and you need to decide how hard you are willing to push to make happen something you admit isn't much money and is really just a matter of principle.