Very roughly, here in the UK you pay (roughly converted to USD):
Up to $16k - zero income tax
From $16k to $65k - 20%
From $65k to $195k - 40%
Above $195k - 45%
There are also "national insurance contributions" (which raise nearly as much tax as income tax as they are paid by employers too) - this is notionally a contribution towards your state pension although I think the government just treats it all as cash. The part an employee pays can be another 8% (less for lower and higher earners as it kicks in late and caps out early).
There are various adjustments (e.g. you get your tax back on money you put into your private pension up to certain limits, you don't pay any tax on the first bit of savings interest or dividend income, you get a (shrinking) tax-free capital gains allowance each year, you get your tax back on charity contributions, etc.). There are also certain means-tested benefits (e.g. child benefit) that get withdrawn at higher income levels, and caps on how much you can put into your pension tax free also start to bite at around this income level, so we have a nasty "sour spot" around $130k where you can be effectively paying over half your incremental income in taxes (or lost benefits) - which is a bit bonkers.
The big drivers of government income are income tax, NICs and VAT.
https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8513/#:~:text=Most%20receipts%20come%20from%20three,value%20added%20tax%20(VAT).
VAT here is high at 20% but nothing on food/children's clothes and only 5% on fuel. Small businesses with low enough turnover don't have to register with the scheme (so often you may not have to pay VAT on e.g. a single-person cleaning service or picture framer or decorator or something like that).
There are a few other things like local council tax (varies depending on your house value and local authority - generally not huge); inheritance tax (40% on assets over around $500k depending on whether you leave to children/grandchildren or someone else - no tax to pay if you leave to your spouse/civil partner); stamp duty (quite large - up to 12% at the margin if you are buying an expensive house) and various other bits and bobs but as you can see from the link above, few people actually pay these with the exception of council tax, and they don't contribute much to the Treasury.
On the plus side that covers your state pension, job seekers allowance if you're out of work, reasonably good parental leave, free healthcare (dental is not free for most people but is regulated and quite good value, as are drug prices where even if you don't qualify for free meds by dint of being a child, retired or unemployed you pay a flat ~£10 fee for a prescription, regardless of what the medicine is, and if you have a chronic prescription you can buy a pre-pay certificate to make it cheaper). Some people will get subsidised or free eye care/glasses, etc.
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