That's a really broad question.
I mean... most places have the same *kinds* of taxes. Income, corporation, capital gain - just different percentages.
Mostly the difference is in the brackets, and the number of layers. You, for example, have state as well as federal. Some places don't.
And of course then there are the other taxes - consumption, sales, 'value added'. Property tax.
Most places have roads, schools, governments both at the country, region, and city level.
The Canadian system is similar to the US, but with fewer schedules and loops.
The British system is much simpler from the taxpayer's perspective - there is only national tax, and there are only two (or three perhaps) tax brackets - and it is dealt with entirely by your employer, your bank. Most Brits do not file a return.