Make lists. Old-fashioned, but it works. If I were in your shoes, I think I'd prioritize as follows:
- Fix the bike; good weather is coming, and you need your transportation to be safe.
- Take the kiddo to 4H club. Later, you can't go back in time and provide her with age-appropriate activities; however, reconsider allowing this club to take up EVERY Saturday. I'd consider allowing it 2 Saturdays a month. You need family time together too, and as someone else said, she can be involved in your projects at home.
- You're starting the new job NOW? Forget the thrift stores for the moment -- you have SOME things you can wear to the new job already. Supplement with a couple new items, which are quicker to find than thrift store items. Also, shopping at thrift stores is something of a learning process. Start hitting up one store per week and start adding to your work wardrobe, but don't feel as if you must have a closet FULL of things this very minute. I personally own two pair of work pants; I wear dresses too, but two pair is plenty. I noticed that the seat of one pair is wearing thin, so I'll replace them soon.
- Put the iPhone repair on the back burner. It's working, right? Not an emergency.
- Ditto for taxes. You have weeks 'til they're due and no prize for finishing them early.
And several thoughts on prioritizing one's time and money:
- NONE of the above are emergencies. If you did NONE of them right now, life would go on. Part of living a frugal life is just plain skipping (or minimizing) stuff that doesn't need doing.
- Look for time other than Saturdays when you can work on these things. For example, do you get a lunch hour at your new job? Use that to search out thrift shops, and hit them up once a week -- and use that time to slowly add to your work wardrobe. Use your lunch time to search ebay for work clothes; my "new" spring flats came from ebay ($7 and now both my daughters want them). Likewise, would an hour be enough to fix that iPhone? Bring it to work, and fix it at your desk during your own time. Could you fix the bike after work one day?
- I don't buy so many clothes from thrift stores. Most of my dresses come from Lands' End; at the end of the season they clearance them as low as $10 (though $25 is more typical), and they last for years. I buy the same brand of pants over and over from Kohl's; they go on sale for about $20 all the time, and I tend to get 2-3 years wear out of them.
- Learn to buy yourself time by being efficient. We have a saying in our family, "This is a present for Future Me." For example, if I'm cooking homemade spaghetti sauce, it's just as easy to make a giant pot as it is to make one batch -- then I freeze a bunch, and Future Me has a ready-to-go meal. Things like that are definitely within the ability level of your oldest child (even after a rigorous day of "college prep" 8-year old studies), and your youngest can help a bit too. This is the type of life skills that so many of our kids aren't getting!
- If you're new to being frugal, don't feel that you must do EVERYTHING right now. These are skills, and they require time to learn. If you try to do EVERYTHING now, you may find yourself disappointed and burned out. Pick one thing now, add something new next month, and the next month and the next month. Don't worry about whether you're doing "enough".