I'm going to recommend one of two very affordable DAW's that I've used.
Tracktion:
https://www.tracktion.com/Reaper:
https://www.tracktion.com/These days I pretty much exclusively use Tracktion, because I like it's 'no mixer' interface.
Now, you can use those with your built-in sound card, but the results and the experience will be much less than ideal. But that is indeed where most people start out. So experiment with that.
There is a LOT to learn before most people get satisfying results. Don't let that slow you down though. Go learn:
http://lifehacker.com/the-basics-of-music-production-lesson-1-set-up-your-h-499088482I also recommend the book "Guerilla Home Recording".
https://www.amazon.com/Guerrilla-Home-Recording-Second-Coryat/dp/1423454464Don't underestimate the local library. Mine has a few books on DIY recording. Not usually the most recent ones, but enough to get started.
Finally, are you -sure- you can't get your audio clips off your phone? There's usually a way, especially if you can mount the phone as a drive on your computer. Otherwise you can get a cable that goes headphone-jack out of the phone into the input of the computer and try to re-record the sound as you play it on the phone.
Or, get a mic and replay and record it. the quality of mic you can use is going to vary depending on what hardware you have. If you only have a computer input and no mixer then it's hard to use a decent mic (which would have an XLR connector). You could shoot for a small 4 channel mixer from Craigslist, that would let you use better mics.
Can't comment on the looper. I do all my looping in the DAW. Some people do some amazing things with loopers though.
Good luck, and don't forget to have fun with it.